Climate & Biomes of South America
South America is the fourth-largest continent, stretching from the equator to the southernmost point of land outside of Antarctica. Its diverse topography, including the Andes Mountains, Amazon River basin, and coastal plains, contributes to its varied climates and biomes. All of the world's major climate zones are present in South America along with a diverse set of biomes.
Major Climate Zones
South America features tropical, subtropical, temperate, and polar climate zones.
In the northern part of South America, the equator passes through Ecuador, Colombia, and Brazil. These countries experience a tropical climate that is hot and humid. There are consistent high temperatures and heavy rainfall throughout the year.
The central and southern regions of South America, including parts of Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay, feature a subtropical climate with distinct seasons, including hot summers and mild winters.
South America’s far southern region, including parts of Chile and Argentina, experience a temperate climate with cool temperatures and moderate precipitation.
Cape Horn at the southern tip has a polar climate with much sleet and snow. It also sees barely 7 hours of daylight during the June solstice, but almost 18 hours of daylight during the December solstice.
Biomes
The diverse climates in South America give rise to a variety of biomes, each with their own unique flora and fauna.
In the Amazon, the tropical rainforest is characterized by dense vegetation, high humidity, and abundant rainfall. It houses an unparalleled diversity of plant and animal species.
On the other hand, the Andes Mountains feature an Alpine Tundra biome. There are few trees due to the high altitude and low rainfall.
The Pampas biome is found in Argentina and Uruguay. This biome is known for its fertile soil and variety of grass species. It supports diverse wildlife, including grazing mammals and bird species.
The Atacama Desert biome is situated along the western coast of South America. The Atacama Desert is one of the driest places on Earth. Its unique flora includes hardy, drought-resistant plants, and it is home to specialized fauna adapted to arid conditions.
The Gran Chaco, extending across several countries, is a biome characterized by dry forests and thorn scrub. It supports a diverse range of wildlife, including jaguars, capybaras, and numerous bird species.
The Tierra del Fuego islands at the southernmost tip of the South America (where Cape Horn sits) possess a rocky tundra that makes the growth of trees impossible.
Factors Influencing Climates and Biomes
Geographic features such as the Andes Mountains, influence precipitation patterns and create rain shadows, impacting the distribution of biomes.
Ocean currents along the western coast moderate temperatures throughout the year. Wind patterns also influence the seasonal distribution of rainfall in tropical regions.
Lastly, altitude plays a crucial role in shaping biomes in mountainous regions. Higher altitudes have colder temperatures, leading to distinct ecosystems at different elevations.
Flora and Fauna
South America boasts an extraordinary array of plant and animal life adapted to its varied environments. The Amazon rainforest alone is home to countless species, including iconic fauna like jaguars, macaws, and poison dart frogs.
The Andean condor soars above mountain landscapes, while the unique wildlife of the Galapagos Islands exhibits adaptations to isolated island ecosystems.