The Human Geography of South America
South America has undergone profound changes over the centuries. From thriving indigenous civilizations predating European contact to the complex urban societies of the present day, the region’s human geography reflects a blend of historical, cultural, and environmental factors..
Pre-Columbian Period
Before the arrival of Europeans, the Inca Empire was the dominant civilization of South America.
The Inca thrived in the Andes Mountains along South America's west coast from about 1200-1532. The mountain ranges helped protect their city-states and allowed for a well-developed government and society.
They boasted impressive agricultural terraces, road systems, and urban centers, with the city of Cuzco as their capital.
Their emperor was known as the Sapa Inca, meaning “sole ruler." Manco Capac was the first Sapa Inca and established the Kingdom of Cuzco around the year 1200.
Colonial Era
The arrival of Spanish and Portuguese explorers in the 15th and 16th centuries marked a transformative period for the people of South America.
Smallpox and other diseases that the Inca had no immunity for devastated their communities. Colonial rule and the establishment of the forced labor encomienda system only made life worse for millions of indigenous groups across the continent.
New, European-style cities, including Lima and Bogota, were founded as colonial administrative centers, contributing to the emergence of a hierarchical socio-economic structure.
Independence and Nation-Building
The 19th century saw independence movements that liberated South American nations from colonial rule. Many of these were led by “The Liberator” Simon Bolivar.
Following this a period of nation-building was marked by disputes over territory and internal conflicts. Urbanization increased as capitals expanded, railways were constructed, and economic activities diversified.
20th Century Industrialization
The 20th century brought significant urbanization and industrialization to South America. Cities such as Sao Paulo and Buenos Aires grew into major industrial hubs, drawing many rural immigrants seeking employment opportunities.
The expansion of infrastructure, including highways and dams, helped economic growth but also led to environmental challenges and social inequalities.
Contemporary Trends
South America is now predominantly urban, with a majority of the population living in cities. Megacities like Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro face challenges such as informal settlements, traffic congestion, and environmental degradation.
South America has experienced immigration flows, contributing to diverse cultural landscapes in countries like Argentina and Chile.
Despite economic growth in some areas, South America still struggles with socio-economic disparities. Indigenous communities, rural populations, and marginalized urban areas face challenges including poverty, inadequate infrastructure, and limited access to education and healthcare.
The region also faces environmental issues, including deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest, water resource management, and the impact of climate change on vulnerable communities.